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How to make 3D models for games

Learning to make 3D models for games can at first seem daunting. However, these key techniques will help you gain an insight into how the process works, whether you’re looking to use simple shapes to develop your own art or learn disruptive new approaches.

Box/subdivision modeling

Box, or subdivision modeling is a polygonal modeling technique. Polygons are made up of three parts: vertexes, edges and faces. Put simply, they are basic shapes such as triangles, squares or rectangles. In box modeling for gaming, these are manipulated to create anything from monsters to aliens.

The process starts with a low-resolution mesh of a simple shape, which is then refined using 3D modeling software, sculpting areas that are not required. This mesh is then subdivided to allow artists to tweak polygons and create greater detail within certain areas, meaning a model eventually resembles a planned character or object. For beginners, this is likely to be the first technique you encounter, allowing you to make simple models using appropriate software.

Contour/edge modeling

While box modeling takes a simple shape and manipulates it into a finished model, contour, or edge modeling takes a different approach. Both are polygonal techniques, but contour modeling relies on building a model piece by piece.

In practice, this means the careful placement of polygons next to each other to create art that is clear and detailed. This approach is often used when designing human faces, which can be difficult to craft using box modeling alone. Instead, artists can build a basic mesh and then add more meshes around it to achieve the finished article. The concise method of placing contours together to make lifelike models can be challenging, so it pays to watch online tutorials or undertake a course to best understand the process.

Procedural modeling

When it comes to crafting background detail such as woodland or buildings in a game, it can be time consuming to make each piece. This is where procedural modeling comes in.

Procedural models are made using algorithms rather than being made by hand. Artists can use a variety of different platforms to make them, all with the ability to manipulate key details to get the desired result. You can change settings to ensure foliage appears dense, tower blocks look dilapidated or animals seem fierce or friendly. Mastering such software means you’ll be able to create entire in-game landscapes quickly, allowing you to focus more on key characters and frontline models.

3D scanning

3D scanning is used when a game requires lots of exact, real world detail, with characters modeled on specific people. While the technique has long been used in the film industry, it is also a cornerstone of gaming, especially within titles that place people rather than fantasy characters at their core.

This method requires the use of a 3D scanner, with the results of the scan then uploaded to a computer and processed via modeling software. The results are obviously more lifelike than models made using box or contour modeling, although that’s not to say that the latter are in danger of being usurped, especially as they are used to make fantastic beasts and unique characters.

Digital sculpting

Digital sculpting has revolutionized the way in which 3D models are made. Whereas before 3D artists had to use edge or subdivision techniques to create models for games, now they can ‘sculpt’ models using dedicated software and a pen tablet or display connected to their computer.

The process, which has been compared to a sculptor using brushes to carve out clay and shape it into a specific look, requires artists to use pressure to manipulate an on-screen mesh. Pressure sensitivity of a Wacom pen allows you to sculpt precisely with the amount of pressure you desire.

The result is a faster working process and creations that have a more realistic feel.

Make your first model.

Get started with Wacom Cintiq.

Wacom Cintiq is a great place to begin your 3D modelling adventure. Built with Wacom quality and know-how, the super-responsive pen combined with the HD high clarity screen means you can sculpt precisely with full navigational control. Working with high resolution meshes means you can craft models with superb detail. And add another dimension to your creativity.

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Improve your 3D workflow with these simple tips

Getting the sequence of your workflow right is crucial. It’ll ensure that your 3D creations go from sketches on a notepad to moving objects within a game, film or app with minimal fuss. That means recognizing what needs to be done first and working out the stages of your creative process, from when to fire up your modeling software to when to render your work into a final model. Read on and we’ll explain the best way to optimize your 3D workflow.

Assess your asset’s importance and break out your sketchbook

3D assets for games can range from minor background props to a main character. With that in mind, it’s worth working out how important the asset is in relation to the wider project. Consider how much time a gamer or viewer will spend looking at the asset – this will determine how much detail you want to build into the model and therefore how much time you need to spend creating it.

Before turning on your computer and opening your 3D modeling software, spend some time researching images related to the asset you’re making, either using a search engine or at the library. As well as giving you inspiration, it will also give you a chance to get out your sketchbook and draw some basic outlines of what you hope to achieve. This way you’ll have drawings to refer to when you start modeling.

Start building a basic model using 3D modeling software

Once you’ve got your basic idea ready, open your 3D modeling software. It’s best to start with something straightforward. Box or subdivision modeling is good for keeping things simple, allowing you to refine and sculpt a simple shape into the asset you’re trying to create. This can be subdivided into different polygons to make it easier to add detail and to refine your work as you go. And remember that it’s best to work in quads – polygons that have four edges and four vertices. Polygons that have five or more edges or vertices, known as n–gons, make sculpting a final model much more difficult.

Go back over your work regularly to ensure that polygons are as square as possible and that they do not have more than four edges or vertices. This will make it less likely that you need to rework the model later in the process or, worse, have to start again.

Learn about lighting

Lighting a model or a 3D scene is just as important as getting the model itself right. While the best 3D modeling software offers the chance to click a ‘create light’ button and do this automatically, learning the basics and adding your own light practice to your workflow will make your models stand out.

As with modeling, reference images found online, in books or in magazines will help you understand how objects are lit. Spend time studying online tutorial videos to get to grips with the process of lighting a 3D model or scene. Different kinds of lighting can be used depending on what you’re trying to light. Point, or omni lighting is used when creating objects like light bulbs, while distant light sources, like the sun, make use of directional lighting. Spotlighting is used to showcase the light and dark of a model and is likely to be the main option when making a basic asset.

Developing a lighting practice takes time, but add this into your workflow and your 3D models will soon become more personalized and look more professional.

Focus on texturing

Texturing is all about taking a model and making it look more realistic. It’s best to focus on this in conjunction with lighting, as different textures change how light can appear.

Once again, getting texture right requires lots of research, understanding how an asset would feel as well as how it looks. A basic understanding of how light falls on different materials and features, from brick to human skin, will give you a better chance of making textures look the best that they can.

While it’s possible to create textures using photo editing software, the best 3D design software allows artists and designers to make procedural text maps. These can be tweaked to reflect various materials and can be reworked more easily than assets made with photo editing tools. Best of all, you can save and reuse these assets for other projects, changing them according to your needs or those of the client.

Pressure sensitivity gives you greater control over te finer details of your design which is why Wacom pen tablets and displays are a good choice of device.

Get to grips with instancing

Instancing, also known as referencing, is a hugely powerful tool for 3D artists. It allows you to clone a single model and then lay them out, meaning it’s possible to quickly create complex background scenes such as cityscapes and forests. What’s more, it cuts down on the amount of computer power required when it comes to rendering, as models are clones rather than one-off, unique objects.

If you’re creating a vast city that needs lots of buildings, it’s possible to clone your models and create different base meshes. The best 3D software allows 3D artists to set instances to generate randomly, so architecture and woodland can appear more varied.

When working collaboratively, it’s possible for models to be used as external instances, meaning teams can use each other’s creations to ensure characters and background assets appear throughout a game, with no need to create their own from scratch.

Render it out without any fuss

Rendering is the process of turning 3D models into 2D images. This can be done within 3D modeling software and allows you to see your final creations as they should look in a game or film.

3D modeling software comes with render presets, which you can change to ensure a different outcome depending on what you want your model to look like. As this is where you’ll determine an asset’s size and resolution, it pays to have a very clear idea of what you want the final model to look like. Take the time to properly understand the nuances of shading and learn about high dynamic range imaging (HDRI) which can influence how your model looks when complete.

Hone your 3D processes. Get started with Wacom Cintiq.

Built with Wacom quality and know-how, Wacom Cintiq takes each stage of your 3D workflow to a new level. The super-responsive pen combined with the HD high clarity screen gives you exceptional precision and control when crafting your 3D creations.

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