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1. Футбольная форма – In association football, kit is the standard equipment and attire worn by players. The sports Laws of the Game specify the minimum kit which a player must use, footballers generally wear identifying numbers on the backs of their shirts. Professional clubs also usually display players surnames or nicknames on their shirts, Football kit has evolved significantly since the early days of the sport when players typically wore thick cotton shirts, knickerbockers and heavy rigid leather boots. The Laws of the Game set out the equipment which must be worn by all players in Law 4. Five separate items are specified, shirt, shorts, socks, footwear, goalkeepers are allowed to wear tracksuit bottoms instead of shorts. While most players wear studded football boots, the Laws do not specify that these are required, shirts must have sleeves, and goalkeepers must wear shirts which are easily distinguishable from all other players and the match officials. Thermal undershorts may be worn, but must be the colour as the shorts themselves. Shin pads must be covered entirely by the stockings, be made of rubber, plastic or a similar material, and provide a reasonable degree of protection. The only other restriction on equipment defined in the Laws of the Game is the requirement that a player must not use equipment or wear anything that is dangerous to himself or another player. In the event of a match between teams who would wear identical or similar colours the away team must change to a different colour. The England national team plays in red shirts even when it is not required. Many professional clubs also have a kit, ostensibly to be used if both their first-choice and away colours are deemed too similar to those of an opponent. Most professional clubs have retained the basic colour scheme for several decades. Teams representing countries in international competition generally wear national colours in common with other sporting teams of the same nation, shirts are normally made of a polyester mesh, which does not trap the sweat and body heat in the same way as a shirt made of a natural fibre. Depending on local rules, there may be restrictions on how large these logos may be or on what logos may be displayed, competitions such as the Premier League may also require players to wear patches on their sleeves depicting the logo of the competition. The captain of team is usually required to wear an elasticated armband around the left sleeve to identify him as the captain to the referee. Most current players wear specialist football boots, which can be either of leather or a synthetic material. Modern boots are cut slightly below the ankles, as opposed to the high-ankled boots used in former times, studs may be either moulded directly to the sole or be detachable, normally by means of a screw thread
2. Норвегия – The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
3. Футбол – Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
4. Чемпионат Норвегии по футболу – Eliteserien is a Norwegian professional league for association football clubs. At the top of the Norwegian football league system, it is the primary football competition. Before 1937, there was no league competition in Norway, only regional leagues. Starting in 1937–38, the regional leagues in Southern Norway were aligned into eight districts. There were plans at the time to merge the district leagues into a competition, but because of World War II. This format was in place from the 1948–49 season until 1960–61, the 1961–62 season became a transitional season, where the 16 top-flight teams were placed in a single group, playing a season that lasted 18 months. Officially still known as Hovedserien, the 1961–62 season became known as Maratonserien because of its unusual length. In 1963, a top division containing ten teams was introduced. The league was expanded to 12 teams in 1972, in 1990, the league was renamed Tippeligaen, after Norsk Tipping which has been the main sponsor of the league since then. However, unofficially the league was known as 1. And ahead of the 1991-season it was decided to let the second league of Norwegian football inherit the name 1. Divisjon to help Tippeligaen establish as a brand, in 1995, Tippeligaen was expanded to 14 teams, and in 2009 it was further expanded to 16 teams. Starting with the 2017 season the league will be called Eliteserien after NFF decided to drop the sponsor name from the name of the league after the 2016 season. An important note is that teams from Northern Norway were not allowed to gain promotion to the top division before 1972, in 1979 teams from Northern Norway were given the same promotion rights as the rest of the country. During the course of a season, each plays the others twice, home and away, for a total of 30 games for each club. The season starts in March and lasts until early November, rounds played during the weekends are broken up into one game on Fridays, two games on Saturdays and five games on Sundays. For the final two rounds, all games start simultaneously so that no club may gain an advantage by knowing the results of other games in advance of kicking off their own. The 16 May round, which is played the day before Norways Constitution Day,17 May, is one of the most anticipated rounds of the season
5. Кубок Норвегии по футболу – The Norwegian Football Cup is the main knockout cup competition in Norwegian football. It is run by the Football Association of Norway and has contested since 1902. The tournament is known as Cupen or NM, an acronym formed from Norgesmesterskap. These terms are used to both the mens and womens competitions. The equivalent competition for womens teams is the Norwegian Womens Football Cup and this differs from, for example, English football, where the winners of the FA Premier League are the ones who become English champions. The current Norwegian champions and holders of the cup are Rosenborg, the first rounds of the cup are played in April, around the same time as the Norwegian Premier League starts. Early upsets, where a team knocks a professional team out of the tournament do happen occasionally. For example, in 2012 the Tippeliga teams Sandnes Ulf and Sogndal IL were knocked out in the first round by the division teams Staal Jørpeland IL. Even if the team loses, squaring off against a professional team may well be the highlight of their season. Later matchups are drawn at random, the face off once. The final match is played at Ullevaal Stadium in November, the cup is very popular in Norway, and tickets for the final match are hard to get hold of, as the game usually sells out quickly. The supporters of the two playing in the final match are seated at the two short-ends of the pitch, while the more neutral supporters are seated by the long-ends. The match is also televised on national television, the first cup was played in 1902, but was open for county champions only. This continued until 1933, when the cup was opened for all clubs of a certain standing, the competition was not nationwide until 1963. Before the 2004 cup final, NRK awarded the 1986 final between Tromsø and Lillestrøm with the title Tidenes Cupfinale, and ex-Rosenborg striker Gøran Sørloth with Tidenes Cuphelt, since 1978, an official cup for womens clubs has also been played. The womens cup final is played on a Saturday, the day before the mens cup final. The 1978 cup final between BUL and Trondheims-Ørn was the only Norwegian cup final to be decided on penalties, before the 2006 final, the Norwegian Football Association decided that the Womens final would be played at Bislett Stadium instead of Ullevaal Stadion, which caused some debate. When the semi-finals of the 2006 cup were drawn, all 4 clubs boycotted the draw in a protest against the move, soccerway RSSSF archive List of Norwegian Football Cup finals
6. Фредрикстад – Fredrikstad is a city and municipality in Østfold county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Fredrikstad, the city of Fredrikstad was founded in 1567 by King Frederick II, and established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. The rural municipality of Glemmen was merged with Fredrikstad on 1 January 1964, the rural municipalities of Borge, Onsøy, Kråkerøy, and Rolvsøy were merged with Fredrikstad on 1 January 1994. The city straddles the river Glomma where it meets the Skagerrak, along with neighboring Sarpsborg, Fredrikstad forms the fifth largest city in Norway, Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg. As of 1 January 2013, according to Statistics Norway, these two municipalities have a population of 128,916 with 75,583 in Fredrikstad and 53,333 in Sarpsborg. Fredrikstad was built at the mouth of Glomma as a replacement after Sarpsborg was burned down by the Swedes, almost half the population of Sarpsborg stayed behind, and rebuilt their old town at its original site. The city centre is on the west bank of the Glomma, Fredrikstad used to have a large sawmill industry and was an important harbour for timber export, then later on shipbuilding, until the main yard was closed in the 1980s. The main industries are currently various chemical plants and other light industry, in 2005, Fredrikstad was the final host port for the Tall Ships Race, attracting thousands to the city. The city was named after the Danish king Frederick II in 1569, the last element stad means city. Prior to 1877, the name was spelled Frederiksstad, then from 1877–1888 it was written as Fredriksstad, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 21 April 1967, the old arms are based on the oldest known seal of the city, which dates from 1610. They showed a fortress being guarded by a bear, strangely, Fredrikstad had no fortifications in 1610. Fredrikstad was founded by citizens of Sarpsborg and both the fortress and the bear are taken from the old arms of Sarpsborg, the composition of the seal was also used as arms since the beginning of the 19th century. The new arms were granted at the 400th anniversary of the city in 1967 and show a modern variation on the fortress. This new sites proximity to the sea and the open land surrounding it made it a better location than the old one. The name Fredrikstad was first used in a letter from the King dated 6 February 1569, the temporary fortification built during the Hannibal War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway, became permanent in the 1660s. The work on the fortifications was first led by William de Coucheron, during the next 60 years, several fortifications at the Fredrikstad Fortress were built, including Isegran, Kongsten, and Cicignon. In 1735, a suburb on the side of Glomma
7. Френд, Роб – Robert Douglas Rob Friend is a Canadian former professional and international soccer player. Friend was born 23 January 1981 in Rosetown, Saskatchewan, Canada, Friend was exposed to senior level play early, appearing for Okanagan Challenge of the Premier Development Soccer League as well as appearing in an exhibition for the Vancouver 86ers of the A-League. Despite training with English club Crewe Alexandra F. C. Friend decided to attend Western Michigan University and he played college soccer for the Western Michigan Broncos from 1999 to 2000, having appeared in 40 games and scoring 9 goals. Friend transferred to the University of California, Santa Barbara and finished his career with the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos mens soccer team. As a senior, Friend scored in 12 consecutive matches which ranks fifth in NCAA Division I history and he appeared in 40 games for the Gauchos, scoring 31 goals and assisting on 9 more. He was named as a 2002 All-American, becoming the first Gaucho in 32 years to receive the honor, after graduation from UCSB, Friend went on trial with Moss FK in December 2002. After a positive showing, he signed a deal in December 2002 for Moss FKs upcoming 2003 Norwegian First Division season. Despite his contract with Moss FK, Friend was drafted in the 4th Round of the 2003 MLS SuperDraft by Chicago Fire making him the first player from UCSB drafted to MLS. Friend made 41 league appearances and scored 16 league goals for Moss FK over his two season span with the club before being transferred to Molde FK in August 2004, with Molde, he won the 2005 Norwegian Football Cup and scored a goal in the Final. He remained with the Molde FK until 2006, making 40 league appearances, early 2006 saw interest in Friend rise with Crystal Palace F. C. and Vålerenga Fotball among teams looking to purchase him. It was announced in late March 2006 that Friend was sold to SC Heerenveen ahead of the 2006–07 Eredivisie season, per terms of the agreement, his last game for Molde FK was in July and a portion of the transfer fee went to his original club Moss FK. After making 19 appearances with Heerenveen and scoring five goals, he was loaned to Heracles Almelo in January 2007 to conclude the 2006–07 Eredivisie season, despite his contributions, Heerenveen deemed him surplus to requirements and transferred him on to Borussia Mönchengladbach. During the 2007–08 season Friend scored 18 goals in 33 matches, making him Borussia Mönchengladbachs top scorer and his team finished first, and were promoted to the Bundesliga. On 17 August 2008, Friend scored in his very first game in the Bundesliga, after three years in Mönchengladbach, including two in the Bundesliga, Friend was sold from the club and was bought by the newly relegated Hertha BSC for €1.8 million. Friend made his debut and scored his first goal for Berlin on 14 August 2010 in a DFB-Pokal cup match versus Pfullendorf, six days later he made his league debut for the team in a 3–2 victory over Rot-Weiß Oberhausen. On 12 September, Friend had a man of the match performance scoring 2 goals in a 3–1 home victory over Arminia Bielefeld at Olympic Stadium, Friend finished his first season with Hertha having scored 6 goals in 27 appearances in the 2. He helped Hertha win the 2, Bundesliga gaining automatic promotion back to top flight football. On the final day of the 2011 summer transfer window, Friend returned to the second division and he was close to re-joining Major League Soccer in the United States in January 2013, but despite interest from Vancouver Whitecaps FC Friend saw his contract to completion in Germany
8. Мюре, Томас – Thomas Myhre is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. The last club he played for before his retirement was Kongsvinger, Myhre earned 56 caps for the Norwegian national team, and was a part of the Norwegian squad at the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2000 European Championship tournaments. Myhre was born in Sarpsborg, Østfold and he started his career with Moss F. K. in the Norwegian First Division, but arrived at Viking in the Premier League in 1993. The 19-year-old replaced Lars Gaute Bø, who retired at the end of the 1992 season, Myhre was also the number one goalkeeper for the Norwegian national under-21 team, for whom he reached 27 caps. After missing the entire 1996 season through injury, Myhre returned to form in 1997 and he was noticed by English club Everton, who bought him for £800,000 in November 1997. Myhre instantly established himself as Evertons first choice goalkeeper at the expense of an aging Neville Southall, on 22 April 1998, he made his debut for the Norwegian national team, keeping a clean sheet in the 2–0 victory over Denmark in Copenhagen. Myhre was subsequently selected to represent Norway at the 1998 FIFA World Cup, following an ankle injury, he was replaced by Paul Gerrard as Evertons starting goalkeeper in the summer of 1999 and failed to reclaim his place. Acting as stand-in for Paul Gerrard in the FA-Cup tie against Aston Villa on 20 February 2000, Everton were knocked out of the FA-Cup and Myhres days at the club were practically numbered. In the next two years he played for four different teams and he was first loaned out to Rangers in Scotland in 1999. In 2000, he was loaned from Everton to Birmingham City to ensure an additional fee wouldnt be incurred for reaching a set number of appearances for Everton and he started well for Birmingham, saving a penalty kick against Wolverhampton Wanderers in his debut. He played well for Birmingham, and returned to the team in the spring of 2000. After Euro 2000, Everton loaned him out to Tranmere Rovers, in November 2001, Myhre permanently left Everton, as he was sold to Turkish club Beşiktaş for £375,000. After one season at Beşiktaş, he moved back to England to play for Sunderland in July 2002, at Sunderland, Myhre was second choice goalkeeper behind Thomas Sørensen, and was loaned out to Crystal Palace in October 2003. His stay at Sunderland was plagued by injuries, and he played one of the Euro 2004 qualifiers for Norway. However, he returned as goalkeeper in Sunderland after the departure of Sørensen, playing 31 league games in the 2004–05 season. He also returned to the team, playing 11 of the 12 qualifiers for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. However, Myhres contract with Sunderland ran out in June 2005, on 21 July 2005 he moved back to Norway and joined Fredrikstad F. K. on a free transfer, where he played on a match-by-match basis. Initially second choice goalkeeper behind Stephan Andersen, Myhre established himself as Charltons starting goalkeeper in December 2005, through the rest of the season, Myhre kept 10 clean sheets, and he played more than ten hours without conceding a home goal at The Valley
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